Our alphabet has five vowels, a, e, i, o, and u, but English has 15 vowel sounds. Don't confuse letters with sounds. The old terminology of long and short vowels doesn't describe the sound.
key words: cake /keɪk/, keep /kip/, bike /baɪk/, home /hoʊm/, cute /kjut/
/eɪ/
long a: faith, aim, play, grade, safe, may
/i/
long e: each, eat, team, deep, free
/ɑɪ/
long i: ice, bright, smile, shy, fly
/oʊ/
long o: own, both, drove, glow, throw
/yu/
long u: youth, huge, pure, few, view
key words: cat /kæt/, bed /bed/, sit /sɪt/, top /tɑp/, sun /sʌn/
/æ/
short a (
short a): add, after, bath, plan, crash
/ɛ/
short e (
short e): end, enter, bend, yes, dress
/ɪ/
short i (
short i): it, ill, gift, since, drip
/ɑ/
short o (
short o): odd, on, box, lot, rock
/ʌ/
short u (
short u): up, us, jump, luck, fun